Bibliography & Referencing

All sources that are referred to should be listed in a Bibliography, and those quoted should be listed in a Reference Section. An example of layout is as follows:

FORMS OF REFERENCE

(A) IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Set out the bibliography as a list, with each item on a new line. For books, the place and date of publication should be given; for journal articles, the volume number in arabic numerals, year of publication in brackets, and page numbers should be given.

(i) Authored Books

Altick, Richard D., The Art of Literary Research, rev. John J. Fenstermaker (New York, 1981)

(ii) Editions

Jonson, Ben, Poetaster, ed. Tom Cain (Manchester, 1995)
Massenger, Philip, The Plays and Poems, ed. Philip Edwards and Colin Gibson, 5 vols (Oxford, 1976)
Pear, Cleanness, Patience, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, ed. A. C. Cawley and J. J. Anderson, rev. edn (London, 1983). This book could be listed under Anonymous; or under Pear-Poet, the; or under Gawain-Poet, the; or without an author but in the alphabetical sequence of authors indicated by the first word of the title, or under the name of the editors.

(iii) Journal Article

Richter, David H., 'The Reader as Ironic Victim', Novel, 14 (1981), 135-51

(iv) Contributions to Books

Carey, John, 'Milton's Satan' in Dennis Danielson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Milton (Cambridge, 1989), pp.131-45

(v) Edited Books

Danielson, Dennis (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Milton (Cambridge, 1989)


(B) IN THE NOTES (First Reference)

(i) Authored Books

(a) Reference to the whole book: Jeremy Hawthorn, Unlocking the Text: fundamental Issues in Literary Theory (London, 1987).
(b) Reference to a few pages: Richard D. Altick, The Art of Literary Research, rev. John J. Fenstermaker (New York, 1981), pp.14-17.

(ii) Editions

(a) Reference to a page in an editor's introduction Ben Jonson, The NewInn, ed. Michael Hattaway (Manchester, 1984), p.20. (It may be appropriate to state that all subsequent references to the play are to this edition.)
(b) Reference to two lines in a play: Ben Jonson, Poetaster, ed. Tom Cain (Manchester, 1995), III. Iv. 315-16; or A New Way to Pay Old Debts, V. i. 179-80, in Philip Massenger, The Plays and Poems, ed. Philip Edwards and Colin Gibson, 5 vols (Oxford, 1976), ii, 376.
(c) Reference to a line in a poem: Ben Jonson, 'An Epigram', line 13, in Ben Jonson, The Complete Poems, ed. George Parfitt (Harmondsworth, 1975), p.205.
(d) Reference to a chapter in a novel: Walter Scott, Rob Roy, ed. John Sutherland (London, 1995), chap. 23 (pp.204-213).

(iii) Journal Articles

(a) Reference to a complete article: Frank Kermode, 'Sensing Endings', Nineteenth-Century Fiction, 33 (1978), 144-58
(b) Reference to one page: W. Daniel Wilson, 'Readers in Texts', PMLA, 96 (1981), 848. Note that some journals have an acronym as their proper title.
(c) Reference to two sections from an article: David H. Richter, 'The Reader as Ironic Victim', Novel, 14 (1981), 135-37 and 150-51.

(iv) Journal articles when page numbering is not continued from one issue to another.

Patrick Reilly, 'Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Failure of Humanism', Critical Quarterly, 24. Iii (Autumn, 1982), 19-30.

(v) Contributions to Books

John Carey, 'Milton's Satan' in Dennis Danielson (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Milton (Cambridge, 1989), pp.131-45; Bertrand H. Bronson, 'Johnson Agonistes' in Donald J. Greene (ed.), Samuel Johnson: A Collection of Critical Essays (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965), pp.30-45; T. W. Harrison, 'Dryden's Aeneid' in Bruce King (ed.), Dryden's Mind and Art (Edinburgh, 1969), pp.143-67.

(C ) IN THE NOTES (Subsequent References)

After the first reference, an abbreviated form that combines clarity with economy may be used, e.g. Unlocking The JText, p.99; Kermode, 'Sensing Endings', p.145; Richter, p.140; New Inn, IV. ii. 67; A New Way, III. I. 21-25. It is better to use sensibly shortened titles than to use old-fashioned Latin contractions like ibid. and op. cit.

(D) PARENTHETICAL REFERENCE

After a first reference has been given in a note, it is often appropriate to place subsequent refeences to the same work in the body of the dissertation rather than to place them in a footnote or end note. Such references should always be brief so s not to be too disruptively intrusive, and should be presented in round brackets, e.g. (p.49) and (IV. ii. 8-12) when there is no doubt which text is being referred to: (Hamlet, III. I. 16), (Paradise Lost,, VI. 199-201) and (Genesis 3:14) when the text needs to be more clearly identified.

ABBREVIATIONS

In bibliographical references standard abbreviations such as ed. (edited by), edn. (edition), p. (page), pp. (pagest), rev. (revision, or revised by), trans. (translation, or translted by), vol. (volume), vols (volumes) may be used, but in the main body of the text (except in parenthetical references) abbreviation of this kind is inapproprite. Works of literature should be referred to by their usual titles, not by unduly abbreviated forms of the title, and not by mere initials.